Predators kill and consume prey, but also scare living prey.Fitness of prey can be reduced by direct killing and consumption, but also by non-consumptive effects (NCEs) if prey show costly risk-induced trait responses (RITRs) to predators, which are meant to reduce predation risk.Recently, similarities between predators and parasites as natural ene

This article deals with the ideas feline 1-hcpch vaccine of Imam Al-Shatibi in the field of political economy, as the Imam made a new foundational proposition through his theories in the philosophy of Sharia.So, he explained and analyzed fundamental and important issues in contemporary political economics, as he had the unique opinions preceded by

Invasive vespids are able to disrupt native species assemblages, modify ecological animationbengal.com dynamics, and degrade ecosystem services.However, it is often difficult to quantify such effects within invaded ranges, principally due to the complexity of interactions, and a lack of comparative pre-invasion controls.In this study, we thus exami